Esther M. Zimmer Lederberg
Candle illumination

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Candle-Wall-Sconce
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Candles (torches) were used as fixed-position wall sconces, as well as chandeliers with candles that were raised as well as lowered. Wall sconces used "basons", or reflective "basins", to direct the candlelight towards the stage. Lighting was from walls, footlights, overhead chandeliers, and between flats (stage wings). Was it effective? People observed that the stage was lit as brightly as daylight.

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